观点教育

Why everyone should be able to understand code

Technical literacy is crucial for creating an informed citizenry

“You are not expected to understand this.” Those seven words, which appeared in the source code of Unix’s sixth edition in 1975, have since been reproduced by computer geeks on T-shirts, mugs, jumpers and, with the inevitability of an unloved season, tote bags. The phrase’s cultural afterlife, and the reasons it has become a rallying cry for programmers everywhere, inspire the titular essay in a new collection on the most important lines of computer code in human history, and how